什麼是沙特

Sartre, Jean-Paul

法國哲學家、小説家和戲劇作家，也是存在主義的先驅。他曾在索邦大學學習，並在那裏遇見了他的終生伴侶和學術上的合作者波娃。第一本小説《噁心》（1938）表達了一個年輕人在遇到存在的問題時表現出的反感。《在密室裏》（1944，不存在）成為了他的幾部戲劇中最受歡迎的一部。在《存在與虛無》（1943）中，他將人類的意識或空洞擺在了存在或物質的對立面上。意識是非物質的，因此可以逃脱所有先在決定的控制。他在其論文《存在主義和人道主義》（1946）中形成了戰後存在主義的原型。他還對胡塞爾的現象學進行了研究，並在應用在《想像力》（1936）、《情緒理論大綱》（1939）和《想像力的現象心理學》（1940）等書中。他後來還在《辯證理性批判》（1960）中研究了馬克思主義。他晚年的作品包括一部自傳《話語》和偉大的巨着《福樓拜》（4卷，1971～1972）。他是法國左翼黨的一名中心成員，反對越戰並支援1968年的革命。1964年拒絕接受諾貝爾文學獎。

1905～1980年

Sartre, Jean-Paul

French philosopher, novelist, and playwright, the foremost exponent of existentialism. He studied at the Sorbonne, where he met Simone de Beauvoir, his lifelong companion and intellectual collaborator. His first novel, Nausea (1938), narrates the feeling of revulsion that a young man undergoes when confronted with the contingency of existence. Huis-clos (1944, No Exit) became the most widely celebrated of his several plays. In Being and Nothingness (1943) he places human consciousness, or nothingness (néant), in opposition to being, or thingness (être); consciousness is nonmatter and thus escapes all determinism. With his treatise Existentialism and Humanism (1946), these works formed the foundations of postwar existentialism. He learned the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl and used it in Imagination (1936), Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions (1939), and The Psychology of Imagination (1940), and he later examined Marxism in Critique of Dialectical Reason (1960). His final works included an autobiography, The Words (1963), and the huge study Flaubert (4 vols., 1971-72). A central figure of the French left, he opposed the Vietnam War and supported the 1968 revolutionaries. He declined the 1964 Nobel Prize for Literature.