什麼是查理二世

Charles II

英國和愛爾蘭國王（1660～1685）。查理一世和亨麗埃塔.瑪麗亞之子。在英國內戰期間支持其父作戰。在查理一世被處決後，1651年查理二世從蘇格蘭入侵英格蘭，以失敗告終。之後流亡法國，直到克倫威爾死後，政治環境又傾向於恢復君主制。查理的「佈雷達宣言」替他在1660年5月的復辟鋪平了道路。因為他解除了清教徒娛樂的禁令和其個人喜歡享樂而被冠上「快樂的國王」的封號；他最有名的情婦是女演員貴英。在位期間的重要事件包括：具爭議性的「多佛密約」，以及和荷蘭的兩次戰爭（參閲Anglo-Dutch Wars）。1660年代皇后布拉幹薩的凱瑟琳屢次流產，其擁有合法繼承人的希望渺茫（雖然他有十四個私生子）。當謠傳他的弟弟詹姆斯（信奉天主教，未來的詹姆斯二世）將發動天主教陰謀取代他時，他幾乎失去對政府的控制。查理二世小心翼翼地重建對政府的控制，最後鞏固了王權。其政治手腕靈活、洞察力敏鋭，使他能在在位期間安然度過安立甘宗、天主教和一些反對者的鬥爭風潮。

1630～1685年

Charles II

King of Great Britain and Ireland (1660-85). Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria, he supported his father in the English Civil Wars. After his father's execution, he invaded England in 1651 but was defeated at Worcester. He then spent years in exile until Oliver Cromwell died and conditions favored a return to the monarchy. His Declaration of Breda paved the way for him to be proclaimed king in May 1660 (see Restoration). He became known as “the Merry Monarch” for his lifting of Puritan restrictions on entertainment and his own love of pleasure; his best-known mistress was the actress Nell Gwyn. Important events of his reign included the controversial Treaty of Dover and two wars with the Dutch (see Anglo-Dutch Wars). By the 1670s the miscarriages of his queen, Catherine of Braganza, had reduced hopes that he would have a legitimate heir (though he left at least 14 illegitimate offspring). He almost lost control of his government when hysteria arose over the so-called Popish Plot to replace him with his Roman Catholic brother James (the future James II). Charles kept his nerve, reestablished his political control, and eventually enjoyed a resurgence in loyalty. His political adaptability and acumen enabled him to steer his country through the struggle between Anglicans, Catholics, and dissenters that marked his reign.