什麼是腓特烈二世

Frederick II

德語作Friedrich

西西里國王（1197～1250）、士瓦本公爵（1228～1235）、德意志國王（1212～1250）和神聖羅馬帝國皇帝（1220～1250）。紅鬍子腓特烈之孫。三歲時加冕為西西里國王，但直到1212年，國家紛爭解除後，才取得掌控權。1214年擊敗他的對手奧托四世。西西里和德意志的計畫聯盟使教宗不安。對方通過談判訂立妥協方案，腓特烈加冕為神聖羅馬帝國皇帝。第六次十字軍東征的延期啟程被絕罰（1227），後來他所受的絕罰被赦免。1229年加冕為耶路撒冷國王。腓特烈返回德意志，然後突然襲擊義大利，擊敗倫巴底聯盟。教宗格列高利九世在宗教和政治問題上極不信任腓特烈，於1239年第二次將他絕罰。他率兵進入教廷國。腓特烈同新教宗英諾森四世開始談判。1244年廢黜了腓特烈皇帝。於是，雙方展開激烈的鬥爭。到腓特烈死時，喪失了義大利中部的大片領土，在德意志也失去了支持。

1194～1250年

Frederick II

King of Sicily (1197-1250), duke of Swabia (1228-35), German king (1212-50), and Holy Roman Emperor (1220-50). The grandson of Frederick I Barbarossa, he became king of Sicily at age 3 but did not gain control over the strife-ridden country until 1212. He defeated his rival Otto IV in 1214, and though the planned union of Sicily and Germany alarmed the pope (1220), he negotiated a compromise and was crowned emperor. A delay in departing for the Sixth Crusade brought excommunication (1227), later revoked. By 1229 Frederick was king of Jerusalem. On his return he quelled a rebellion in Germany led by his son Henry, who had allied with the Lombard League. Seeing Frederick as a growing threat to papal authority, Gregory IX excommunicated him again in 1239; the emperor responded by invading the Papal States. He tried and failed (1245) to negotiate peace with Innocent IV, and his struggle with the papacy continued. By the time of his death Frederick had lost much of central Italy, and his support in Germany was uncertain.