什麼是馬克思

Marx, Karl (Heinrich)

德國政治理論家和革命家。他在波昂大學攻讀人文學科（1835），並在柏林大學攻讀法律與哲學（1836～1841），在那裏接觸到黑格爾的作品。在科隆和巴黎以作家身分工作（1842～1845），開始活躍於左翼政治圈。在巴黎，他遇到恩格斯，後來二人成為長期的夥伴。1845年被逐出法國後，遷居布魯塞爾，政治定位在此成熟，他和恩格斯藉着作品而揚名。馬克思受邀參加倫敦一個左翼的團體，他與恩格斯併為之寫作《共產黨宣言》（1848）。同年，他在德國組成第一個萊茵蘭民主議會，並反對普魯士國王解散普魯士國會。1849年他流亡到倫敦，並在此度過餘年。長年以來，他的家人生活在貧窮之中，有二個孩子已經死去。他以歐洲特派員身分在《紐約論壇報》兼職（1851～1862），同時寫作他批判資本主義的主要作品《資本論》（1867～1894，三卷）。1864年起，他是第一國際的主要人物，直到1872年巴枯寧變節為止。亦請參閲communism、dialectical materialism、Marxism。

1818～1883年

Marx, Karl (Heinrich)

German political theorist and revolutionary. He studied humanities at the University of Bonn (1835) and law and philosophy at the University of Berlin (1836-41), where he was exposed to the works of G. W. F. Hegel. Working as a writer in Cologne and Paris (1842-45), he became active in leftist politics. In Paris he met Friedrich Engels, who would become his lifelong collaborator. Expelled from France in 1845, he moved to Brussels, where his political orientation matured and he and Engels made names for themselves through their writings. Marx was invited to join a secret left-wing group in London, for which he and Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848). That same year he organized the first Rhineland Democratic Congress in Germany and opposed the king of Prussia when he dissolved the Prussian Assembly. Exiled, he moved to London in 1849, where he would live the rest of his life. For years his family lived in poverty, and two of his children died. He worked part-time as a European correspondent for the New York Tribune (1851-62) while writing his major critique of capitalism, Das Kapital (3 vols., 1867-94). He was a leading figure in the First International from 1864 until the defection of Mikhail Bakunin in 1872. See also communism, dialectical materialism, Marxism.