什麼是玻利瓦爾

Bolívar, Simón

別名解放者（The Liberator）

拉丁美洲士兵和政治人物，在新格拉納達總督轄區（今哥倫比亞、委內瑞拉和厄瓜多爾）、祕魯和上祕魯（今玻利維亞）領導了反西班牙人統治的革命運動。是委內瑞拉貴族的兒子，在歐洲受教育。他受到歐洲理性主義的影響，加入委內瑞拉獨立運動，成為傑出的政治和軍事領袖。1810年革命者們將西班牙總督逐出委內瑞拉，1811年委內瑞拉宣佈獨立。1814年這個年輕的共和國被西班牙人打敗，玻利瓦爾流亡出境。1819年他帶領兩千五百人走過人們認為不可能通過的路線，大膽突襲新格拉那達。結果讓西班牙人大感意外，而迅速擊敗了他們。在蘇克雷的幫助下，1822年他實現了厄瓜多爾的獨立。1824年在祕魯完成了聖馬丁的革命工作，解放了那個國家。根據玻利瓦爾的命令，1825年蘇克雷解放了上祕魯。玻利瓦爾擔任了哥倫比亞總統（1821～1830）和祕魯總統（1823～1829），監督1826年西班牙系拉丁美洲國家聯盟的創立，但不久這些新國家就互相開戰。解放容易，治國難，他在治理國家方面不很成功，最後流亡，在前往歐洲途中去世。

1783～1830年

Bolívar, Simón

South American soldier and statesman who led the revolutions against Spanish rule in New Granada (now Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador), Peru, and Upper Peru (now Bolivia). The son of a Venezuelan aristocrat, Bolívar received a European education. Influenced by European rationalism, he joined Venezuela's independence movement and became a prominent political and military leader. The revolutionaries expelled Venezuela's Spanish governor (1810) and declared the nation's independence in 1811. The young republic was defeated by the Spanish in 1814, and Bolívar went into exile. In 1819 he undertook a daring attack on New Granada, leading some 2,500 men over routes considered impassable. Taking the Spanish by surprise, he defeated them quickly. With the help of Antonio Sucre, he secured the independence of Ecuador in 1822. He completed Jose de San Martin's revolutionary work in Peru, freeing that country in 1824. On Bolívar's orders, Sucre liberated Upper Peru (1825). As president of both Colombia (1821-30) and Peru (1823-29), Bolívar oversaw the creation in 1826 of a league of Hispanic-American states, but the new states soon began warring among themselves. Less successful at ruling countries than at liberating them, Bolívar exiled himself and died on his way to Europe.