什麼是利比亞

正式名稱阿拉伯利比亞人民社會主義民眾國（Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya）

北非國家。面積1,757,000平方公里。人口約5,241,000（2001）。首都︰的黎波里。柏柏爾人曾一度是主要的族羣，現在大部分人已被阿拉伯文化所同化；其他族羣有義大利人、希臘人、猶太人和非洲黑人。語言：阿拉伯語（官方語）和含米特語（柏柏爾人）。宗教︰伊斯蘭教（國教），基督教徒佔很小比例。貨幣︰利比亞第納爾（LD）。除兩個很小地區之外，全境均為撒哈拉沙漠：西北角為的黎波里塔尼亞，東北部是昔蘭尼加。的黎波里塔尼亞是全國最重要的農業區，也是人口最稠密的地區。經濟以石油生產和出口為基礎，其他資源有天然氣、錳和石膏。畜牧業在北部佔重要地位，有綿羊和山羊。政府形式為社會主義國家，有一決策機構；國家元首為格達費（實際上），政府首腦是總理。

早期歷史參閲Cyrenaica、Fezzan和Tripolitania。16世紀鄂圖曼土耳其人將費贊、昔蘭尼加和的黎波里塔尼亞置於的黎波里攝政的統治之下。1911年義大利宣稱取得控制權，到第二次世界大戰爆發時，約有15萬義大利人移居到利比亞，戰爭期間是激戰的戰場。1951年利比亞宣告獨立，1953年成為阿拉伯國家聯盟的成員國。1959年境內發現石油，利比亞由此致富。十年後，以格達費為首的一羣軍官廢黜了國王，將該國變為伊斯蘭共和國。在格達費的統治下，支持巴勒斯坦解放組織（PLO）和恐怖集團，遭到許多國家的抗議，尤其是美國。與查德斷斷續續的戰役（1970～1980年代）到1987年查德擊敗利比亞才結束。1988年美國一架飛機在蘇格蘭洛克爆炸，美國指控為利比亞民族主義者所為，對利比亞實行貿易禁運，1992年獲得聯合國支持。

Libya

Country, North Africa. Area: 678,400 sq mi (1,757,000 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 5,648,000. Capital: Tripoli. Berbers, once the major ethnic group, have been assimilated into the Arab culture. Italians, Greeks, Jews, and black Africans are among the other ethnic groups. Languages: Arabic (official), Hamitic (Berbers). Religions: Islam (official), small percentage Christianity. Currency: dinar. All but two tiny fractions of Libya are covered by the Sahara desert: Tripolitania, in the northwestern corner, and Cyrenaica in the northeast. Tripolitania is Libya's most important agricultural region and its most populated area. The production and export of petroleum are the basis of Libya's economy; other resources include natural gas, manganese, and gypsum. The rearing of livestock, including sheep and goats, is important in the north. It is a socialist state with one policy-making body; the chief of state is Muammar al-Qaddafi (de facto), and the head of government is the prime minister. For early history, see Cyrenaica, Fezzan, Tripolitania. In the 16th century the Ottoman Turks combined Fezzan, Cyrenaica, and Tripolitania under one regency in Tripoli. In 1911 Italy claimed control of Libya, and by the outbreak of World War II 150,000 Italians had immigrated there. The scene of much fighting in the war, it became an independent state in 1951 and a member of the Arab League in 1953. The discovery of oil in 1959 brought wealth to Libya. A decade later a group of army officers led by Qaddafi deposed the king and made the country an Islamic republic. Under Qaddafi's rule it supported the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and terrorist groups, bringing protests from many countries, particularly the U.S. Intermittent warfare with Chad (1970s-1980s) ended with Chad's defeat of Libya in 1987. International relations in the 1990s were dominated by the consequences of the 1988 bombing of a U.S. airliner over Lockerbie, Scotland; the U.S. accused Libyan nationalists of the deed and imposed a trade embargo on Libya, endorsed by the U.N. in 1992.