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什麼是獨裁

一種由個人或寡頭政治擁有絕對權力而無有效的憲法制約的政體形式。獨裁政體和立憲民主制是今日全世界各國使用的兩種主要的政體形式。在19世紀的拉丁美洲,一些不久以前脱離西班牙殖民統治的新國家中的有效的中央政權崩潰以後,各種各樣的獨裁者上台。這些領導人,或自封的領袖,通常是領導一支私人的軍隊,而且試圖控制一個地區,然後向衰弱的全國政府進軍。20世紀後期的拉丁美洲獨裁者則是全國性的領導人而不是地區性的領導人,而且往往是由民族主義的軍官們推他們上台執政的,例如阿根廷的庇隆。他們通常與某個特定的社會階層聯繫在一起,而且試圖或者維持富人和特權人士的利益,或者實行影響深遠的左派社會改革。20世紀前半期歐洲的共產黨和法西斯黨的獨裁,它們最重要的共同點就是把國家和一個唯一的羣眾政黨視為一體,而且把政黨同它的神奇領袖視為一體,利用一種官方的意識形態來維持政權和使之合法化,使用恐怖和宣傳的手段壓制不同意見和鎮壓反對派。殖民統治後的非洲和亞洲獨裁者常常在發動軍事政變後,以建立一黨統治來穩固其權力。

什麼是獨裁

dictatorship

Form of government in which one person or an oligarchy possesses absolute power without effective constitutional checks. With constitutional democracy, it is one of the two chief forms of government in use today. Modern dictators usually use force or fraud to gain power and then keep it through intimidation, terror, suppression of civil liberties, and control of the mass media. In 20th-century Latin America, nationalist leaders often achieved power through the military and attempted either to maintain the privileged elite or to institute far-reaching social reform, depending on their class sympathies. In Europe's communist and fascist dictatorships, a charismatic leader of a mass party used an official ideology to maintain his regime, and terror and propaganda to suppress opposition. In postcolonial Africa and Asia, dictators have often retained power by establishing one-party rule after a military takeover.

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