什麼是加里波底

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

義大利民族統一運動的着名領袖，復興運動的軍人。出生於漁民家庭，早年當過水手和船長。1834年受馬志尼的影響，參與了試圖在皮埃蒙特引發共和革命的一場叛變，但失敗，逃到法國。1836～1848年流亡南美，曾參加巴西和烏拉圭等國的革命運動，學得游擊戰策略。1848年返回義大利，帶領他的「紅衫軍」在米蘭參加義奧戰爭，維護義大利民族獨立。在教宗庇護九世逃出羅馬後，加里波底暫時防衞羅馬城，以抵抗法軍企圖恢復教宗統治。後來大膽穿越義大利中部撤退，成為家喻户曉的英雄。他再次流亡，直到1854年，1859年率領軍隊與奧地利作戰。1860年在沒有政府力量的支持下，召募1,000名志願人員攻打西西里，但戰到最後時，他的軍隊擴增至三萬人，後來奪佔那不勒斯城。加里波底控制了整個義大利南部，把它交給維克托.伊曼紐爾二世，並擁戴他為統一的義大利第一任國王。在維克托.伊曼紐爾的暗助下，他在1862和1867年兩次進攻教廷國，但都未能成功。

1807～1882年

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

Italian patriot and soldier of the Risorgimento. He came under the influence of Giuseppe Mazzini in 1834, took part in a failed mutiny intended to provoke a republican revolution in Piedmont, and escaped to France. He lived in exile in South America (1836-48) and learned guerrilla warfare tactics during liberation attempts in Brazil and Uruguay. He returned to Italy in 1848 with his small band of “Red Shirts” and fought in Milan in the war of independence against Austria. After Pope Pius IX fled Rome (1848), Garibaldi for a while defended the city from the French when they attempted to reinstate papal rule. His bold retreat through central Italy made him a well-known figure. He lived in exile again until 1854, and in 1859 he led an army in another war against Austria. In 1860, with no government backing, he raised an army of about 1,000 men and attacked Sicily; by the end of his campaign, he commanded 30,000 men, with whom he seized Naples. He handed all of southern Italy over to Victor Emmanuel II and hailed him as the first king of a united Italy. With secret support from Victor Emmanuel, he led unsuccessful campaigns into the Papal States in 1862 and 1867.