什麼是圖波列夫

Tupolev, Andrei (Nikolayevich)

俄羅斯飛機設計家。1918年與人合作成立蘇聯中央流體動力研究所，並在1922年成為其設計部門領導，生產了全金屬結構的飛機。他在1937年因反叛國家罪被捕，受命擔任設計軍用飛機的工作。他在受到限制的情況下領導一個團隊設計出「圖－2型」雙引擎的轟炸機，在第二次世界大戰中得到廣泛使用。在戰爭期間獲得釋放後，他和重建的設計部仿製了美國的B-29重轟炸機。後來的「圖－4型」成為了蘇聯1950年代中期前的主要戰略轟炸機。在採用噴射推動器以製造活塞引擎飛機後，他製造出了「圖－16型」（北大西洋公約組織的「Badger」）噴射轟炸機（1952年試飛）和民用的「圖－104型」（1955），是第一架提供定期載客服務的交通工具。圖波列夫和他的兒子阿列克塞主導設計出了「圖－144型」超音速運輸機（1969），是速度超過1馬赫的第一架噴射客機。

1888～1972年

Tupolev, Andrei (Nikolayevich)

Russian aircraft designer. In 1918 he cofounded the U.S.S.R.'s Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute, and in 1922 he became head of its design bureau (see Tupolev), producing airplanes of all-metal construction. Arrested in 1937 on charges of activities against the state, he was assigned to work on the design of military aircraft. Under confinement, he led a team that produced the Tu-2 twin-engine tactical bomber, which was widely used in World War II. Freed during the war, Tupolev and his reestablished design bureau replicated the U.S. B-29; the resulting Tu-4 became the Soviet Union's principal strategic bomber until the mid-1950s. After adapting jet propulsion to several piston-engine airframes, Tupolev introduced the swept-wing Tu-16 (NATO, “Badger”) jet bomber (first flown 1952) and its civilian derivative Tu-104 (1955), one of the first jet transports to provide regular passenger service. Tupolev and his son Alexei headed the effort that produced the Tu-144 supersonic transport, the first passenger jet to exceed Mach 1 (1969).