什麼是拳擊

用雙拳進攻和防守的運動。在現代拳擊中，運動員戴着有襯墊的拳套，在一個用繩子圍着的方形台上進行比賽，每場比賽最多十二回合，每一回合三分鐘。古希臘鬥士用皮帶保護雙手和前臂，而羅馬角鬥士則使用鑲有金屬的皮製手套，而且通常要戰鬥到死為止。一直到1839年才有倫敦職業拳擊行會修訂比賽規則，明確規定：踢、撞、抓、咬以及擊打腰帶以下部位的動作，均視為犯規。1867年昆斯伯裏規則要求賽者一定要戴拳套，不過，徒手拳擊一直延續到1880年代末期。最後一位偉大的徒手拳王是沙利文（John L. Sullivan）。從沙利文開始，美國變成主要的拳擊賽場地，部分是因大批移民不斷地提供新的拳擊生力軍。1904年起，拳擊被列入奧運會的比賽項目。現今職業拳擊按體重主要分為十七個等級：麥杆量級，48公斤（105磅）以下；輕蠅量級，49公斤（108磅）以下；蠅量級，51公斤（112磅）以下；輕羽量級，不超過52公斤（115磅）；羽量級，不超過53.5公斤（118磅）；超羽量級或次輕乙級，不超過55公斤（122磅）；輕乙級，不超過57公斤（126磅）；超輕乙級或次輕量級，不超過59公斤（130磅）；輕量級，不超過61公斤（135磅）；超輕量級或次輕中量級，不超過63.5公斤（140磅）；輕中量級，不超過67公斤（147磅）；超輕中量級或次中量級，不超過70公斤（154磅）；中量級，不超過72.5公斤（160磅）；重丙級，不超過76公斤（168磅）；重乙級，不超過79公斤（175磅）；次重量級，88公斤（195磅）；重量級，86公斤（195磅）以上。將對手擊倒，或擊倒在地，裁判員數到十時尚未完全立起（一次擊倒，稱KO），或擊出重拳而積累最多分數的一方贏得一個回合。當一個拳擊手受到重擊（一次技術性擊倒，稱TKO）時，裁判員也可以停止比賽；裁判員也可以因為拳擊手犯規而取消他的比賽資格，並獎勵他的對手取勝。

boxing

Sport involving attack and defense with the fists. In the modern sport, boxers wear padded gloves and fight bouts of up to 12 three-minute rounds in a roped-off square known as the ring. In ancient greece fighters used leather thongs on their hands and forearms, while in Rome gladiators used metal-studded leather hand covering (cesti) and usually fought to the death. Not until implementation of the London Prize Ring rules in 1839 were kicking, gouging, butting, biting, and blows below the belt eliminated from the boxer's standard repertoire. In 1867 the Queensberry rules called for the wearing of gloves, though bare-knuckle boxing continued into the late 1880s. The last of the great bare-knuckle fighters was John L. Sullivan. From Sullivan on, the U.S. became the premier boxing venue, partly because immigrants supplied a constantly renewed pool of boxers. Boxing has been included among the Olympic Games since 1904. Today there are 17 primary weight classes in professional boxing: strawweight, to 105 lbs (48 kg); junior flyweight, to 108 lbs (49 kg); flyweight, to 112 lbs (51 kg); junior bantamweight, to 115 lbs (52 kg); bantamweight, to 118 lbs (53.5 kg); junior featherweight, to 122 lbs (55 kg); featherweight, to 126 lbs (57 kg); junior lightweight, to 130 lbs (59 kg); lightweight, to 135 lbs (61 kg); junior welterweight, 140 lbs (63.5 kg); welterweight, to 147 lbs (67 kg); junior middleweight, 154 lbs (70 kg); middleweight, to 160 lbs (72.5 kg); super middleweight, 168 lbs (76 kg); light heavyweight, to 175 lbs (79 kg); cruiserweight, 195 lbs (88 kg); and heavyweight, over 195 lbs. A bout can be won either by knocking out or felling one's opponent for a count of 10 (a KO) or by delivering the most solid blows and thus amassing the most points. The referee can also stop the fight when one boxer is being badly beaten (a technical knockout, or TKO) or he can disqualify a fighter for rules violations and award the fight to his opponent.