什麼是托勒密三世～十五世

埃及托勒密王朝的馬其頓諸王。托勒密三世（施主）（活動時期西元前246～西元前221年）在第三次敍利亞戰爭（西元前245～西元前241年）中打敗塞琉西王國。托勒密四世（愛其父）在荒淫無度的統治下（西元前221～西元前205年），使埃及國勢衰微。托勒密九世（救星二世）與母后共治（西元前116～110年、西元前109～107年），直到母后放逐了他，並以其弟托勒密十世（亞歷山大，西元前107～西元前88年）取代他。亞歷山大的統治不得人心，導致他也被放逐，西元前88年死於海上。救星二世乃恢復單獨統治（西元前88～西元前81年），並將其弟的遺孀（即他的女兒）迎回，與他聯合執政。托勒密十一世（亞歷山大二世，西元前80年）是埃及最後一位完全合法繼承王位的托勒密國王。他娶了托勒密九世（救星二世）的遺孀為妻，並共治，在蘇拉的指揮下，他謀害了她以獨攬政權，但人民殺死他替王后報仇，他僅執政十九天。托勒密十四世（神愛其父二世，西元前47～西元前44年）與姐姐克麗奧佩脱拉共同執政，可能被其姐謀殺，以便為她與凱撒所生的兒子鋪路。托勒密十五世（凱撒）與母后從西元前44年開始共同執政，在西元前30年克麗奧佩脱拉自殺後，他也被屋大維殺害。他的死象徵羅馬征服埃及，王朝結束。

Ptolemy III-XV

Macedonian kings of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Ptolemy III Euergetes (“Benefactor”) (fl. 246-221) defeated the ruler of the Seleucid dynasty in the Third Syrian War (245-241). Ptolemy IV Philopator (“Father-loving”) allowed Egypt to decline under his debauched rule (r.221-205). Ptolemy IX Soter II ruled with his mother (116-110, 109-107), until she expelled him and installed his brother Ptolemy X Alexander (r.107-88). Alexander's unpopularity resulted in his expulsion, and he died at sea in 88. Soter II assumed sole rule (88-81), installing his brother's widow, his own daughter, with him. Ptolemy XI Alexander II (r.80 BC) was the last fully legitimate Ptolemaic king of Egypt. He took Ptolemy IX Soter II's widow as wife and co-ruler, on Sulla's command, then murdered her and took sole power, for which the people of Alexandria killed him; his rule lasted 19 days. Ptolemy XIV Theos Philopator II shared power (47-44 BC) with his sister Cleopatra; it was probably she who had him assassinated, to make way for her son by Julius Caesar. Ptolemy XV Caesar, or Caesarion, shared power with his mother from 44 BC; he was killed by Octavian (later Augustus) after Cleopatra's suicide in 30 BC. His death marked the Roman conquest of Egypt and the dynasty's end.