什麼是喬託

Giotto (di Bondone)

首位義大利偉大的畫家，活躍於佛羅倫斯。曾在阿西西、羅馬、帕多瓦、佛羅倫斯和那不勒斯等地為禮拜堂和教堂繪畫。他在羅馬的作品包括了聖彼得大教堂入口處，已經大量重作的鑲嵌畫《基督在水上行走》，和一幅原為聖彼得大教堂所繪的祭壇畫，現存梵諦岡博物館。在帕多瓦，他的《最後的審判》壁畫裝飾了阿雷那小禮拜堂的西牆，小禮拜堂其他牆面則繪滿了關於聖母和耶穌基督的生平的壁畫。後來他為佛羅倫斯的克羅齊教堂的四座小禮拜堂繪壁畫，有兩座保存至今。1334年喬託被任命為佛羅倫斯主教座堂的建設監察官。他設計的鐘塔在他去世後被改建。《榮耀聖母》（1305年～1310）被認為是他繪的最重要的畫板畫。喬託在世時享有很高的聲望。他打破拜占庭藝術的不具人格的形式化風格；引進自然主義和人性，三維空間及三維形式，他被推崇為歐洲繪畫之父。其後，義大利的繪畫被其學生及門徒支配，着名的有加迪、奧爾卡尼亞和洛倫採蒂兄弟。

約1267～1337年

Giotto (di Bondone)

First of the great Italian painters, active in Florence. He decorated chapels and churches in Assisi, Rome, Padua, Florence, and Naples with frescoes and panel paintings. His works in Rome include the heavily restored mosaic of Christ Walking on the Water over the entrance to St. Peter's Basilica and an altarpiece from St. Peter's, now in the Vatican Museum. In Padua, his fresco of the Last Judgment decorates the western wall of the Arena Chapel, and the rest of the chapel is covered with his narrative frescoes featuring scenes from the lives of the Virgin Mary and Christ. Later in his career he executed frescoes in four chapels in the church of Santa Croce in Florence, two of which survive. In 1334 he was appointed surveyor of Florence Cathedral; his design for the campanile was altered after his death. The most important extant panel painting attributed to him is The Madonna in Glory (c. 1305-10). He achieved great fame in his lifetime. For breaking with the impersonal stylizations of Byzantine art and introducing new ideals of naturalism and humanity, three-dimensional space and three-dimensional form, he is considered the father of European painting. The course of Italian painting was dominated by his students and followers, notably Taddeo Gaddi, Andrea Orcagna, and Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti.