什麼是穆阿威葉一世

Muawiyah I, al-

伍麥葉王朝的第一任哈里發（661～680）。出生於一個反對穆罕默德的部族。先知穆罕默德征服麥加並與宿敵和解以後，穆阿威葉才成為穆斯林。後任大馬士革總督，建立起一支強大且能與拜占庭人抗衡的敍利亞軍隊。他反對阿里登上哈里發的寶座，並最終將其推翻。自己以最強大穆斯林軍隊首領的身分成為新的哈里發。為了贏得非敍利亞阿拉伯人的忠心，他開始重視各部族的利益。他將部族的侵略行為發展成為反拜占庭人的戰爭，並在北非佔領了的黎波里塔尼亞和伊弗利奇亞。為了管理其龐大的王國，他引進了羅馬人和拜占庭人的管理方法，聘請那些其家人曾為拜占庭政府效力的基督徒。為了保證其兒子能繼承王位，他實行世襲制。因為他背離了穆罕默德的統治方式，而不受虔誠的穆斯林史學家肯定，什葉派教徒也因阿里之死而嫉恨他。儘管如此，在阿拉伯文學作品中他仍被譽為是理想的統治者。Amr ibn al-As、fitnah、Husayn ibn Ali和Karbala, Battle of。

602年～680年

Muawiyah I, al-

First caliph (661-80) of the Umayyad dynasty. Born into a clan that rejected Muhammad, he converted only after Muhammad had conquered Mecca. As governor of Damascus he built up the Syrian army until it was strong enough to resist Byzantine attacks. Opposed to Ali's caliphate, he eventually overthrew Ali and, as commander of the largest Muslim military force, became caliph. To win the loyalty of non-Syrian Arabs, he introduced methods by which the tribes could keep the caliph informed of their interests. He channeled tribal aggressiveness into anti-Byzantine campaigns, and in North Africa captured Tripolitania and Ifriqiyah. To administer his large empire, he adopted Roman and Byzantine procedures, employing Christians whose families had served in Byzantine governments. By securing his son as his successor, he established hereditary rule. Though disliked by pious Muslim historians for deviating from Muhammad's leadership style and by Shiites for his role in Ali's death, he is praised in Arabic literature as the ideal ruler. See also Amr ibn al-As, fitnah, Husayn ibn Ali, Battle of Karbala.