什麼是古斯塔夫二世

Gustav II Adolf

拉丁語作Gustavus Adolphus

瑞典國王（1611～1632年在位）。使瑞典成為一個重要的歐洲強國。查理九世的長子。他繼承其父與西格蒙德三世的糾紛。直到1629年面對波蘭合法入侵。1613年結束了與丹麥的戰爭。但瑞典被迫償付鉅額賠款，結束了與俄國的戰爭（1617），吞併因格里亞和凱克斯霍爾摩。國內緊張情勢，由他的親信總理大臣烏克森謝納為之解決。古斯塔夫二世的全面內政改革包括有效率的中央政府和改善教育。1621年同西吉斯蒙德重新開戰。他征服了波蘭、利沃尼亞（拉脱維亞和愛沙尼亞）。他意識到他對波蘭戰役是新教同反宗教改革鬥爭的一部分。1630年參與三十年戰爭，這是防禦策略，以確保瑞典國家和教會的安全。他傑出戰術，使軍隊具有非凡素質。1631年簽訂的「巴爾瓦爾德條約」使古斯塔夫二世的地位得到加強。他用武力逼迫法國、布蘭登堡和薩克森與瑞典結盟。在布賴滕費爾德（Breitenfeld）戰役中一舉擊潰德軍。隨後數月，瑞軍如風掃殘雲，席捲德意志中部地區，1632年在呂岑向華倫斯坦的軍隊發起襲擊，但古斯塔夫二世在率領騎兵衝鋒時陣亡。

1594～1632年

Gustav II Adolf

King of Sweden (1611-32) who made Sweden a major European power. The son of Charles IX, Gustav inherited his father's dynastic quarrels with Sigismund III Vasa and until 1629 faced a legitimist invasion from Poland. He ended the war with Denmark in 1613, but Sweden was forced to pay a crushing war indemnity. He ended the war with Russia (1617) and annexed Ingria and Kexholm. Internal tensions were largely resolved by his trusted chancellor, Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna. Gustav's sweeping domestic reforms included establishing an efficient central administration and improving education. Resuming the war with Sigismund in 1621, Gustav obtained much of Polish Livonia (Latvia and Estonia). He saw his Polish campaigns as part of the struggle of Protestantism against the Counter-Reformation. He entered the Thirty Years' War in 1630 as a defensive maneuver, to secure the Swedish state and church from danger. An outstanding military tactician, he led an army of unusual quality, and his position was strengthened by alliances with France, Brandenburg, and Saxony. Success in the Battle of Breitenfeld let him sweep through central Germany and claim large territorial cessions, particularly Pomerania (1631). At Lützen in 1632, the Swedes defeated Albrecht W. E. von Wallenstein's army, but Gustav was killed in battle.