什麼是布蘭戴斯

Brandeis, Louis (Dembitz)

美國法官，生於肯塔基州的路易斯維。布蘭戴斯的父母是波希米亞猶太人移民。他先在路易斯維和和德國的學校學習，1877年在哈佛大學法律學院取得學位。後在波士頓執律師業（1877～1916），在律師界，由於他代表那些通常得不到如此優異辯護的人們的權益，布蘭戴斯被稱為「人民的律師」。他為數州規定最高工時和最低工資的法令進行辯護，認為這些法令並不違反憲法；為勞工階級訂定儲蓄銀行的人壽保險計畫；還加強政府反托拉斯權力。他的工作促使1914年「克萊頓反托拉斯法」和「聯邦貿易委員會法」的通過。他設計了一種至今仍被稱為「布蘭代斯辯護要點」的文件，把經濟的和社會的資料、歷史的經驗和專家的意見整理編輯出來，以支持法律上的主張。1916年被任命為最高法院大法官。他以專注在言論自由的主張而着名。在大多數重要的有爭議的問題上，布蘭戴斯都和他的同事小霍姆茲意見一致，並且常常是居於少數。但是在新政時期，他們的許多異議主張都被最高法院認可。他是第一位猶太裔大法官，曾受到很多工商業利益集團和反猶分子的激烈反對。直到1939年他才退休。布蘭戴斯大學就是以他命名的。

1856～1941年

Brandeis, Louis (Dembitz)

U.S. jurist. He was born in Louisville, Ky., the son of Bohemian Jewish immigrants, and attended schools in Kentucky and Germany before obtaining his law degree from Harvard (1877). As a lawyer in Boston (1877-1916), he was known as “the people's attorney” for his defense of the constitutionality of several state hours-and-wages laws, his devising of a savings-bank life-insurance plan for working people, and his efforts to strengthen the government's antitrust power. His work influenced passage in 1914 of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act. He also developed what came to be called the “Brandeis brief,” in which economic and sociological data, historical material, and expert opinion are marshaled to support a legal argument. Appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court (1916), he was noted for his devotion to freedom of speech. Many of his minority opinions, in which he was often aligned with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., later were accepted by the Court in the New Deal era. His appointment as the first Jewish justice was vigorously opposed by some business interests and anti-Semitic groups. He served until 1939. Brandeis Univ. is named for him.