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Arctic Ocean

Ocean centering approximately on the North Pole. Smallest of the world's oceans, it is almost completely surrounded by the landmasses of Eurasia and North America, and is distinguished by a cover of ice. Lands in it and adjacent to it include Pt. Barrow in Alaska, the Arctic Archipelago, two-thirds of Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, and northern Siberia. The ocean covers about 5,427,000 sq mi (14,056,000 sq km) and reaches a maximum depth of about 18,000 ft (5,500 m). Various sections are known by specific names, including the Barents, Beaufort, Chukchi, Greenland, and Kara seas. Areas within the Arctic Circle were first explored in the 9th-12th century by the Norse. In the 16th-17th century explorers searching for the Northwest Passage reached the area; Martin Frobisher discovered the southern part of Baffin Island (1576-78), and Henry Hudson navigated the eastern coast of Hudson Bay (1610-11). Later explorers included Roald Amundsen, Fridtjof Nansen, Robert E. Peary, and Richard E. Byrd. Development of the area's natural resources was spurred by the discovery of oil in Alaska in the 1960s; virtually all the Arctic has now been mapped.

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