什麼是卡多佐

Cardozo, Benjamin (Nathan)

美國法學家。出身紐約市顯赫的猶太人家庭，1891年取得律師資格，成為傑出的法庭律師。1913年他作為改革派的候選人被選入州的最高法院，很快被提升到上訴法院。任職期間，許多人認為上訴法院的地位超過美國最高法院。卡多佐影響了美國上訴審判趨向於更多地與公共政策相結合，和隨之而來的法律理論的現代化。他也是個有創造性的普通法法官和法律論説家。1932年被任命為美國最高法院大法官，通常被列入具有自由主義思想傾向的大法官。他寫了一個多數大法官的意見支持社會保險案件（1937）。在一個涉及到「一事不再理」的刑事案件中，他認為憲法第十四條修正案（1868）只就「權利法案」中屬於一個「有紀律的自由體制的本質」的那些條款施加於各州。1938年退休。

1870～1938年

Cardozo, Benjamin (Nathan)

U.S. jurist. Born in New York City into a distinguished Jewish family, he was admitted to the New York bar in 1891 and became a successful courtroom lawyer. Elected to the state Supreme Court as a reform candidate (1913), he was quickly promoted to the Court of Appeals. During his tenure many thought the quality of the appellate bench exceeded that of the U.S. Supreme Court. He influenced the trend in U.S. appellate judging toward greater involvement in public policy and consequent modernization of legal principles. He was both a creative common-law judge and a notable legal essayist. Appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1932, he usually voted with liberals Louis Brandeis and Harlan Fiske Stone. He wrote the majority opinion upholding the Social Security program (1937). In a 1937 case on double jeopardy, he held that the states were not required to implement all the provisions of the Bill of Rights, a position that became known as “selective incorporation.” He served on the Court until 1938. The law school at Yeshiva Univ. is named for him.