什麼是畢卡索

Picasso, Pablo (Ruiz y)

西班牙裔法國畫家、雕塑家、版畫家、陶瓷家和舞台設計師。由擔任素描教授的父親給予訓練，十三歲首度展出作品。1904年永久遷居巴黎後，他以「粉紅色時期」（1904～1906）的陶瓷和肉體色調取代所謂「藍色時期」（1901～1904）的支配性藍色調。他的首件傑作《亞威農的少女》（1907）具有爭議性，因為其中暴烈地處理女體，並有源自非洲藝術習作的面具似臉龐。翌年，他與友人布拉克從塞尚身上找到靈感，然後開始實驗立體主義。1912年把上膠的紙和其他材料貼在畫布上，進一步發展了立體主義。1917～1924年畢卡索為佳吉列夫的俄羅斯芭蕾舞團設計舞台佈景。1920年代和1930年代超現實主義者刺激他去探索新的題材，特別是彌諾陶洛斯（Minotaur）的影像。西班牙內戰可能啟發了他創作出最偉大作品，即巨幅的《格爾尼卡》（1937），其中暴烈的影像譴責了生命遭受摧殘的情形。第二次世界大戰後，他加入共產黨，並獻身於雕塑、陶瓷、平版畫和油畫。晚年他創作了早期藝術家作品的變異，其中最着名的是以委拉斯開茲《小公主瑪格麗特》為本的一系列五十八幅畫。在八十年生涯皆是革新者，畢卡索似乎跳脱了批評，也幾乎讓20世紀每位藝術家都感受到他的影響。

1881～1973年

Picasso, Pablo (Ruiz y)

Spanish-French painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer. Trained by his father, a professor of drawing, he exhibited his first works at 13. After moving permanently to Paris in 1904, he replaced the predominantly blue tones of his so-called Blue Period (1901-4) with those of pottery and flesh in his Rose Period (1904-6). His first masterpiece, Les demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), was controversial for its violent treatment of the female body and the masklike faces derived from his study of African art. The next year, he and his friend Georges Braque found inspiration in Paul Cezanne before beginning to experimenting with Cubism, depicting multiple views of an object on the same canvas. By 1912 they had taken Cubism further by gluing paper and other materials onto their canvases. Between 1917 and 1924 Picasso designed stage sets for five ballets for Sergey Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. In the 1920s and '30s, the Surrealists spurred him to explore new subject matter, particularly the image of the Minotaur. The Spanish Civil War inspired perhaps his greatest work, the enormous Guernica (1937), whose violent imagery condemned the useless destruction of life. After World War II he joined the Communist Party and devoted his time to sculpture, ceramics, and lithography as well as painting. In his late years he created variations on the works of earlier artists, the most famous being a series of 58 pictures based on Las Meninas of Diego Velazquez. An innovator throughout his 80-year career, Picasso seemed to move beyond criticism and made his influence felt by virtually every 20th-century artist.