什麼是阿德勒

Adler, Alfred

阿德勒,奧地利精神病學家。於維也納獲得醫學學位。早年業醫時即強調應關注周遭環境中的個人關係。1902～1911年為弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud）的學生和助理，但兩人後來在兒童早期的性衝突在精神病理學方面的重要性產生分歧。他和一羣追隨者建立了個體心理學（individual psychology）學派。他進而以自卑感（inferiority complex）來解釋罹患精神病的原因以人道觀點研究驅動力、感覺、情緒、記憶等與個體生命相關的內容設計了一種靈活的支持性心理治療方法，以指導有自卑感的情緒障礙患者達到成熟，成為對社會有用的人。他強調應聯繫整個環境來考慮患者的問題，並開始設計一種人道主義的、整體主義的、器質論的解決人類問題的方法。1921年在維也納建立第一個兒童指導所。1927年起，先後任哥倫比亞大學（Columbia University）和長島醫學院（Long Island College of medicine）的客座教授。着作包括《理解人性》（Understanding Human Nature, 1927）、《生活對你應意味着什麼》（What Life Should Mean to You, 1931）。

1870～1937年

Adler, Alfred

Austrian psychiatrist. He earned his medical degree in Vienna, and from his earliest years as a physician he stressed consideration of the individual in relation to his or her total environment. A student and associate of Sigmund Freud (1902-11), he eventually broke with Freud over the importance of early-childhood sexual conflicts in the development of psychopathology. With his followers he developed the school of individual psychology, the humanistic study of drives, feelings, emotions, and memory in the context of the individual's overall life plan. Adler advanced the theory of the inferiority complex to explain cases of psychopathology; Adlerian psychotherapy sought to direct patients emotionally disabled by inferiority feelings toward maturity, common sense, and social usefulness. He established the first child-guidance clinic in 1921 in Vienna. He taught in the U.S. (at Columbia University and the Long Island College of Medicine) from 1927 until his death. His works include Understanding Human Nature (1927) and What Life Should Mean to You (1931).